The term "madrigal" refers to a part-song composed for a small ensemble of singers that generally sings without instrumental accompaniment. Originating in Italy, this appealing music spread to other European countries, reaching its high point in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.
Most often composed for five voices, each melodic part moves independently of
the others, yet together the parts form a harmonious unit. This
independent movement could be contrasted with a more structured setting where
all the voices move together in the same rhythmic pattern, creating a more
chordal or homophonic sound.
There is considerable variety in song texts. Romance, unrequited loves,
pastoral settings, dance, and the human condition---all are themes found in
madrigals. The melodic lines often "paint" the meaning of the
words. The English madrigal, highly developed in the late 16th century, is
known for its frivolous "fa-la-la's" that punctuate the text, perhaps
playing the role of an instrumental interlude. At the other end of the
emotional spectrum is the exquisite combination of poetry, melody and harmony
that epitomizes the unequaled melancholy of English madrigals.
Madrigals were performed throughout the courts of Europe. The English were
spurred to develop their own style following the introduction of Italian
madrigals in England. An evening's entertainment could well include
singers, one to a part, gathered around a madrigal part-book. Among the
aristocracy, knowledge and skill in the performance of part-singing were
considered indispensable attributes of the properly educated person.
Whatever knowledge we gain from our historical observations, these madrigals
continue to delight singers and audiences today.